The Work of Leonardo da Vinci Essay examples - 655 Words

Grasping the full understanding of science and perfection in creative art are the two ultimate goals that mankind had been striving for ever since these two aspects became an important part of society. Many had aimed for it but none succeeded. Most of those who attempted to obtain this Holy Grail failed but some were able to conquer many fields. Leonardo da Vinci is a perfect example of those â€Å"Universal Geniuses.† Leonardo was one of the few who achieved major success in both art and sciences including portrait painting, conceptual engineering, anatomy, and many more. Leonardo was born in 1452 in the village of Vinci near Florence, Italy. With him being born into a family of highly respected lawyers, it is said that Leonardo†¦show more content†¦The word â€Å"sfumato† came from the Italian word â€Å"fumo† which means smoke. Leonardo used this word to name the technique because of the unique smoky background in the paintings that the method was applied to. At the age of 38, Leonardo started to conduct extensive studies on the human eyes and it was also his early studies on optics that led him to pursue the field of anatomy. Being a successful artist earned him the right to dissect human corpses at various hospitals in Florence as well as Milan. With this advantage, Leonardo became the first anatomist to create anatomical portraits of the human body. His illustrations of human’s as well as other animals’ anatomy and physiology showed not only the appearance but also the functions of the parts that were illustrated. Most if not all of his sketches were incredibly accurate and identical to the ones that scientists use today. To believe that the idea of a flying machine was invented (at least conceptually) before the Wrights’ flight in the early 1900s is really hard for most people, but it’s true. Conceptual engineering is also a specialty of Leonardo. In several thousands of pages of what is lef t from a much larger series of his work was filled with sketches for everything from a flying machine to movable bridges and even churches! In these drawing he carefullyShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci s Work1126 Words   |  5 PagesLeonardo da Vinci Born in 1452 is one of the most fascinating personalities in the history of Western art. Prepared in Florence as a painter and artist in the workshop of Andrea Del Verrocchio (1435–1488), Leonardo is additionally celebrated for his investigative commitments. His interest and voracious strive after information never left him. He was always observing, experimenting, and inventing, and drawing was, for him, a way for recording his investigation of nature. Albeit finished works byRead MoreThe Life and Work of Leonardo da Vinci Essay597 Words   |  3 PagesLeonardo da Vinci was born on April 15th, 1452 in Vinci, Italy (which is just outside of Florence). Da Vinci was an illegitimate son of a twenty-five year old notary, Ser Pie ro, and a peasant girl, Caterina. Leonardo’s father took custody of him a short time after birth. His mother, however, married someone else and moved. They kept having children, but not with each other. Sooner or later, Leonardo da Vinci had seventeen half brothers and sisters. While Leonardo was growing up in his father’s homeRead MoreEssay about Life and Work of Leonardo da Vinci1111 Words   |  5 PagesLife and Work of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci had a powerful mind and was a very curious and daring boy. Leonardo was so curious about flying, he jumped off a barn with wings that he made by himself. Leonardo loved nature and exploring. He would also like to draw geometrical shapes. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. Vinci was a farming community with hillsides, growing grapes, fruit trees and olives. His mother was a peasant woman and his father was a notary. HeRead MoreBiography of Leonardo Vinci880 Words   |  4 Pages Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15th, 1452 in Vinci, Italy, and died May 2nd, 1519 in Amboise, France (Abbagnano). Leonardo Da Vinci once said, â€Å"I can carry out a sculpture in marble, bronze, or clay; and in painting I can do everything it is possible to do† (Lester, 63). Leonardo was an exceptionally talented artist and everyone recognized this, including himself. To be the greatest does not just mean being the most well known or to have the best quality of work. To be the greatest artist meansRead MoreThe Great Artists And Inventors During The 15th And 16th Century1263 Words   |  6 Pagesmany great artists and inventors during the 15th and 16th century, but none of them are not as great or as known as Leo nardo Da Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci’s intelligence allowed him to create and invent things that none of the other inventors could make or even think of. Da Vinci painted some of the most magnificent and priceless paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci was also an inventor; he would write down all of his ideas and test some of the out. Some of these inventions playRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : A Renaissance Man1112 Words   |  5 PagesLeonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and military engineer which is the perfect example of a â€Å"Renaissance man.† With a curious mind, da Vinci studied the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work. His ideas and body of work have influenced countless artists and made da Vinci a great influence of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, near the village of Vinci about 25 miles west of Florence. He was the illegitimate sonRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci s The Last Supper And Mona Lisa1030 Words   |  5 Pagescom, the article about the writer, mathematician, inventor, and artist Leonardo da Vinci states that, â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci was a leading artist ad intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who’s known for his enduring works â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"Mona Lisa† †. Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was born out of wedlock being raised by his father Ser Piero along with his stepmothers. Leonardo da Vinci was into the laws of science and nature, which played a major role withRead MoreAnalysis of Da Vincis Work as Being Reflective and Definitive of the Renaissance Period948 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci and the Renaissance Period Objective The objective of this work examines the how Leonardo Da Vincis work is reflective and definitive of the Renaissance period and as well, describes some of Da Vincis art. This work will discuss the use of line, form, color, texture, and materials as found within one of his works and will state reasons this time period was chosen to examine in this work and why it is found to be appealing. Introduction Leonardo Da Vince was born April 15,Read MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : The Mona Lisa And The Last Supper1376 Words   |  6 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci happened to be a painter, architect, inventor, and student of pretty much all things scientific. He happened to cross so many disciplines he epitomized the name of  ¨Renaissance man. ¨ If you ask people about him, most people will recognize him for his art, especially two paintings that are remaining as the worlds most admired and most famous, The Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. A fun fact about Leonardo Da Vinci is that he was self-taught. He also had dozens ofRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci, the Epitome of the Italian Renaissance Essay792 Words   |  4 Pagesbest artists in the world and for creating the some of the world’s most treasured art. Leonardo da Vinci, possibly one of the greatest painters in the world, was born in Florence and lived his adulthood in Florence, the essence and heart of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci virtually changed the world and the Italian Renaissance by greatly influencing it with his fresh and unique ideas. Leonardo da Vinci, one of the most famous and acclaimed painters of all times was more than a painter. He

Emotional And Psychological Mental Health Essay - 1071 Words

Over recent years’, emotional and psychological mental-health has become the biggest issue facing college students, today, because of increasing self-induced pressure, which, is causing more college students to experience frustration in athletics, suicide, failing grades, and more. â€Å"In October 2015, 69.2% of 2015 high school graduates were enrolled in colleges or universities† (â€Å"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics†). This large percentage of incoming new freshman have to learn and adapt to college life, which, won t be accomplished by all. â€Å"In a survey conducted last year by Pennsylvania State University it was discovered by the American College Health Association that nearly one in six college students had been diagnosed or treated for anxiety; This same survey found that 21.9% of students said that within the last 12 months, anxiety had affected their academic performance causing them to receive an incomplete or dropping a course. This data showed a big increase of anxiety within students compared to the last survey done in 2008† (â€Å"Anxiety and Depression†). This great increase in mental illness among college campuses or universities is largely due to students pushing themselves beyond their limits and suffering as a result of it. Many freshmen, especially, believe that they must push themselves to obtain all A’s in their academic courses otherwise they ll be seen as less valuable to high-achieving graduate schools, demanding jobs, etc. Students also make the mistake ofShow MoreRelatedMental Health : An Individual s Psychological And Emotional Wellbeing1411 Words   |  6 PagesMental health refers to an individual’s psychological and emotional wellbeing (World Health Organisation, 2014). With over 25 million UK residents (Mental Health Foundation, 1999) spending a large majority of their time at work, it is important that concerns for a person’s welfare extend to the workplace. Every year mental health problems, including stress, anxiety and depression affect 1 in 6 British employees (Mental Health Foundation, 1999). Despite this, a Confederation of British IndustryRead MoreMental Health Is The Overall Psychological And The Emotional Well Being Of Any Individual1472 Wo rds   |  6 PagesMental health is the overall psychological and the emotional well-being of any individual. A person who is mentally healthy is someone that can adjust to the emotional and behavioral requirements of stress and conflicts that are associated in daily living. According to Elizabeth Ahmann there is over â€Å"400,000 children are in foster care in the United States, and more than 100,000 of them are waiting to be adopted† (Ahmann p. 1). Foster home placement is associated with stress and disruptions inRead MoreAttitude Differences Of Seeking For Professional Psychological Help Between Chinese And American College Students Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesAttitude Differences of Seeking for Professional Psychological Help Between Chinese and American College Students Tianjiao Ma Pennsylvania State University In China, there has been a stereotype towards attitudes of seeking psychological help between Americans and Chinese. Chinese people consider themselves tend to avoid psychological help. Whereas, they think Americans are highly open to seek mental health support. However, America’s mental health care may be not as perfect as Chinese peopleRead MoreInsurance Coverage For Mental Disorders1679 Words   |  7 Pages Insurance coverage for mental disorders Jyoti.Waddigeri MHS: Mental Health and Society Professor- Dr. Mirjana Zivkovic United States University, San- Diego. Date- 03/27/2016 Insurance coverage for mental disorders INTRODUCTION In the mid twenty first century, 80 percent of persons with maladjustment had some type of open or private medical insurance coverage. This level of scope mirrored the extension of advantages for mental health care inside of private insuranceRead MoreThe Psychological Impact Of Diabetes : A Practical Guide For The Nurse Practitioner910 Words   |  4 Pagesvessels (Huether McCance, 2012). However, diabetes also causes psychological and emotional distress which can lead to mental disorders. Recognition of psychological and emotional factors related to diabetes is crucial in adjusting and implementing appropriate therapies (Pearce ,2013). The article â€Å"The psychological impact of diabetes: A practical guide for the nurse practitioner,† presents how diabetes impacts the psychological aspect of quality of life, and provides solutions that can be appliedRead MoreMental Health Is Essential For Both Childhood And Adulthood872 Words   |  4 Pages stress vent their annoyance on their friends or lose their attention because of emotional instability. Mental health is essential for both childhood and adulthood. Children who left untreated by a mental health expert tend to have a lower self-worth, negative feelings, perform poorly in school, and later become involved in unhealthy lifestyle decisions. According to American Psychological Association, Children s mental health is the most significant aspect of any child s social and cognitive developmentRead MoreHealth Psychology1720 Words   |  7 PagesCultural barriers affecting the mental health of Indigenous people Cultural barriers certainly have a crucial impact in affecting the mental health of Indigenous people. This is evident as Indigenous people tend to have considerably high levels of stress and anxiety in their lives stemming from the consequences of trauma and grief of stolen generation and dispossession which is intricately linked to mental health and disorder (Craven, 2006).This common pattern of loss of culture, land, voiceRead MoreThe Emotional Distress of Men in a Relationship Essay examples928 Words   |  4 PagesThe emotional roller coaster that young couples have experienced in a relationship is affecting them differently. Men are thought to be an aggressor and usually are dominant in a relationship, whereas women are passionate and more emotional when it comes to relationship. Although, this can be label as stereotype where typically it is quite an opposite. Men are capable of being vulnerable during an ongoing relationship. More men are experiencing an emotional distr ess from a bad relationship thanRead MoreWhat is the Definition of Health?939 Words   |  4 PagesWhere there is life there is health. In 1948 the World Health Organization defined health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† Whereas previously, health had be identified as solely the absence of disease or infirmity. Through research and study, it was recognized that health is the domain of physical and mental functioning. The state of health is then the degree to which these functions are in equilibrium with the physicalRead MoreA Brief Note On Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Health1590 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience social disadvantages which significantly impacts their physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual and social health. This essay analyses the impacts of the social determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, early life and psychological distress to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health which causes the wide gap in the social disadvantages experienced by the Indigenous community. According to the assessment of a Productivity

Greek Inspired Architecture in Boston, MA Free Essays

Greek Architecture in Boston My first discovery of classical architecture was made the moment I stepped outside my apartment, as my building has two Doric columns framing the front door. As I meandered over the hill and across the Common I realized exactly how prevalent classical architecture really is. Elements of classical architecture can be found on almost every building in the old residential neighborhoods and many commercial buildings feature columns and arches as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Inspired Architecture in Boston, MA or any similar topic only for you Order Now I saw all three orders of columns, arches, and even a dome. The only architectural element I was unable to find was a iron vault. The Massachusetts State House, about half a block from my apartment, has many examples of classical architecture including a large gold dome, twelve Corinthian columns, and seven arches visible from outside. The State House, which houses the state legislature and the governor’s offices, was built in 1798 by leading architect of the time Charles Bullfinch. The dome was originally made out of wood shingles but has since been sheathed in copper and covered in 23 karat gold. (http:// www. Satisfaction. Gob/formalities/mischievousness’s. Asp) As far as I observed he arches and columns follow the rules of the classical orders except that the frieze above the columns is blank. I’m not sure if the frieze above Corinthian columns is traditionally blank or not. A pioneer, which signifies the importance of the logging industry in Massachusetts, tops the dome. Http://www. Satisfaction. Gob/formalities/ mischievousness’s. Asp) I doubt this would be found on domes of the ancient world. Just as classical architecture was meant to convey power and grace in Ancient Greece and Rome, I’m sure Charles Bullfinch used elements are classical architecture n the design of the State House for the purpose of conveying the wealth, power, and beauty of the government and state of Massachusetts. Another building that incorporates classi cal elements is the Boston Museum of Fine Art. The current MFC building was built in 1909. There are rows of ionic columns and construction that looks like post-and-lintel. In the area that would be the frieze it says â€Å"Museum of Fine Arts† which could probably be loosely considered a continuous frieze. It was especially interesting to me to see the post-and-lintel type openings since most alluding seem to prefer the Roman’s arches over the Ancient Greek post-and-lintel system. The Museum of Fine Art is another building that, due to its purpose, should convey an air of greatness. The last building I would like to use as an example is my apartment building, which was built in 1909. There are likely hundreds of residential apartment buildings in the area whose doors are flanked by a column on each side, particularly the apartments that were built in the early sass. The columns of my apartment building are of the Doric order but the abacus of each is rounded, not angular. (Strickland peg 15) There is a session but no cornice, pediment, or any other aspect of the Doric order. At night the columns are illuminated. It is clear by the emphasis the building management places on the columned entrance that they believe it to denote a sense of wealth, greatness, or class. While the State House and MFC certainly do this, I find my building does not quite succeed. It feels that without any other of the classical elements the columns are lacking. It is particularly interesting to me how long classical architecture has been in style. It as been used for centuries on everything from prominent government buildings to much more humble residences. Architecture that was once reserved for temples and important public spaces can now be found on everything from strip malls to pharmacies. An important difference in the use of the classical architectural elements is that Ancient Greeks built in their style partly for the logical purpose of creating a building that will stand. Today, even more so than in Ancient Rome, many aspects of the architecture are purely ornamental. Http:// consistory. Schenectady. Org/temple-of-portions. HTML How to cite Greek Inspired Architecture in Boston, MA, Papers

Crowd Sourced Equity Funding

Question: Discuss about theCrowd Sourced Equity Funding. Answer: Introduction Crowd sourced equity funding [CSEF] is a new concept of online fund raising. In order to implement it number of changes has been implemented on the part of the government, so that it becomes less expensive and easier on the part of small businesses that include startups, with the purpose of raising equity from general public, at the same time ensuring protection for the investor (innovation, 2016). With the help of this fundraising approach, up to $5 million/year the entrepreneurs are allowed to raise fund, from a vast number of individuals in exchange for equity in the company. It is mentionable here that, present regulatory requirements of Australia create a barrier to large scale use of CSEF. Hence the main focus of the report would be to discuss upon the aspect of CSEF, while emphasizing upon the laws associated with it like Corporations Amendment Regulations 2015 and its effect upon concept of CSEF. Crowd-Sourced Equity Funding According to Corporations and Market Advisory Committee [CMAC], crowd-sourced equity funding [CSEF] also known as equity crowd funding or investment-based crowd funding is a developing and comparatively new concept associated with corporate capital rising. From a broader perspective, a corporation seeking funds, specifically early or initial stage capital with the help of providing internet users with equity in exchange of cash, is contemplated by CSEF (Camac, 2014). In this regard it is mentionable here that, with the help of website it would be published by issuers regarding their equity offers, following which it operator would act as the intermediary between the issuer and the crowd with the intension of equity transactions. It can also be referred as a type online fundraising that is innovative in nature, which is continuously emerging. With the help of CSEF entrepreneurs can raise funds from a vast number of small investors. CSEF as an innovative finance options has the potenti al to enhance small businesses and start ups fund access in order to develop and execute their products and ideas. Hence with the help of CSEF individuals to a large number can make small financial contributions to a company and in exchange of it receive an equity stake. In terms of providing finance in association to innovative business concepts that may face complications in order to attract funding under conventional models, CSEF has huge potential. It has been further stated in Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee Discussion paper 2013, the process of CSEF includes adverting with the help of online medium that includes a crowd funding website, which acts as a contributing factor as the an intermediary between the business and investors. Corporations Amendment Regulations 2015 is associated with the concept of crowd sourced funding (Treasury, 2016). According to the act, regulations can be formulated by Governor-General in regards to prescribing matters that are permitted or required under the act or necessary to be prescribed in order to execute the act. Proposal of CSF Model for Corporation and Market Advisory Committee 2013 In alternative way investment-based crowd funding or equity crowd funding can be described as alternative way of Corporation and Market Advisory Committee (CSEF). For conducting that review, CAMAC performed in further better way. A company or the issuer is contemplated for fund seeking the initial capital stage. The cash is returned from the equity to internet user who is termed as crowd. Between the issuer and the crown investor the intermediary operation occurs which is done for the purpose of transactions for equity. For corporate fundraising small companies (issuers), does equity investment facilitating and publicizing equity offers which is required for the online users or crowd. In the subcommittee CAMAC has formed some of the members such as: Teresa Handicott, Greg Vickery (chair), Brian Salter, Ian Ramsay and Maan Beydoun (ASIC) which is related to the conjunction of CAMAC Executive. Acknowledgement appreciation and contribution is done by CAMAC outcome from the review done by those persons. A discussion paper was published by CAMAC in September 2013 and updates were given online and in December 2013 and October 2013 the updates of the discussion paper was published. From review aspect, questions raised on discussion paper of the review. On CAMAC website, the discussions are published. In the consideration CAMAC was assisted by information gathered from the respondents. For the review process the committee thanks the participants. There is various scope of review which is related to the nature of internet. The equity offers are given by the issuers, and these things can be incorporated in all the countries and website mediations can also be operated by investors from various countries. There are several facility discussed by CDSEF with various regulatory questions, such as: Under Corporation Act 2001, the issuer can register the company through mode of equity (Symon, 2006). As per Australian Securities and investments Commissions (ASIC), for jurisdiction online intermediary rules of equity offer is made through intermediately website. As per Chapter 6D of Fundraising of Corporation Act, the application of review in term from the global aspect, rules of the jurisdiction of corporation act has to be followed by the crowd investors. The equity offers and the shares of the company are related with the report. Different expectations of investors has to form regulatory arrangements in Australian method. Online fundraisings another name is CSEF. Some obligations of intermediaries, issuers are imposed through the corporation act which falls under Australian law. The anti-money laundering, counter-terrorism of financial legislation and privacy legislation follow the rules of CSEF. The international standard deals with International Organization of Securities Commission (IOSCO) and scope of review the mutual recognition introduced by foreign jurisdiction of Australia. In overseas jurisdiction various approaches has been reviewed by CSEF in consideration of CAMAC. In Newzealand, as per the Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 Phase 1 Regulation 2014, the CSF conduct pertains the equity fundraising. As per Part 6 of Financial Markets Authority (FMA), crowd funding service implied FMA Crowd Funding arrangement and thus Funding model is adopted by New Zealand. Retail Client Relating Service for Crowd Funding and CSF offer Purpose with Investor Protection According to the subsection, with the CSF 761G (7) states towards determining through tests whether the person in relation to the service regarding crowd funding can be retail client. The service related crowd funding is provided to person shall deem to be retail client based on one or the excess of the tests being satisfied as below The product test and the value test mentioning that the financial product price that means the securities that offered or the financial products value relating to the area of financial service either exceeds or equals according to regulations contained in 7.1.18, 19 and paragraph referred in 761G(7)(a); or The crowd funding service or the securities that provided towards the usage in business that is not considered as small business as per paragraph referred in 761 G(7)(b) with small business being defined as that business with not more than 20 employees (Camac, 2015). However if the business involves the goods manufacture then business needs not more than 100 employees to be employed as per the subsection based on 761(G(12); or Where the service of crowd funding or the securities has not been provided in connection related to business for use, the person in process of acquiring the service related to crowd funding or the securities provides certificate. This should be from the qualified accountant who has prepared the same (as in the section 9 defined) and that is within two years preceding which states that the net assets of the person being $2.5 million, or the last two financial years gross income to be $250,000 at the least. (regulation 7.1.28 and the paragraph 761 G(7)(c); or This crowd funding service being provided to person as professional investor according to definition in Section 9 of the (paragraph in the 761 G (7) (d). This professional investor consist licensee of Australian financial services, an entity listed, a bank, or person controlling at least gross assets worth $10 million. The purpose of this investor protection is to limit the risk of the fraud that required to control in the environment. Discussing Temporary Concessions and Reporting Requirements from Corporate Governance of few Public Companies Eligible towards Crowd Fund that Intends or Completes within Required Period the CSF offer. The temporary concessions this report sets from specific public company with the related corporate governance and the requirements related to reporting that are to a new company that is public available being towards crowd fund eligible with completion or intending to complete with required time frame the offer of CSF (budget, 2016). This stated that unless otherwise all these references are based on the Act of the corporations, 2011. Based on the regime of the CSF that available towards only the public companies these will have exclusion with the start-ups and the other enterprises small scale those need not adopt the structure of the public company. This restriction of the regime related to CSF based on this method might reduce potentially the companies number those using the regime related to CSF and therefore substantially and consequently reduce the regime effectiveness. Therefore this issue related temporary concessions to address are created in the bill from specific public company and the governance related corporate. The requirements of the reporting towards the new public companies satisfying the eligibility criteria of the CSF during the registration time as new company that is public and financial year end relevant with completing CSF offer within timeframe required. The concessions purpose is to decrease barriers to adopting structure of public company Eligibility of CSF offer with Conditions and Restrictions Under CSF regime as per schedule 1, Part 1, item 14 of section 738B, there are some relevant requirements of the offer which is needed to be followed. There is some eligibility requirements of CSF offer: Securities of offer of issue: For an issue there must be an offer and sale of securities should not be related to that and thus primary issuance can be covered under Schedule 1, Part 1, item 14, paragraph 738G (1) (a). If an offer is made3 by the company, as per schedule 1, part v 1, item 14, paragraph 738G (1) (b). The restriction is involved with the size of the company with consolidated turnover related with the eligibility (Ed Husic MP - Federal Labor Member for Chifley, 2016). Critical Analysis of CSEF By CSEF, the effort was to take help of sponsors to provide monetary assistance to issuers who were startup companies in the form of equity investments which were not at large scale. The work was to be done by portals who acted as third parties. The people funding these start ups would be the online customers or buyers of shares issued by these small companies. The money collected is supposed to be small at the beginning. CSEF was not created for big offers by big companies. If looked at a positive sense it provides access to funds for small level enterprises and makes plans to increase their budget which would invariably benefit their projects and their future endeavors. The investors are pivotal in such endeavors since they provide the money in the initial phase of the plans. This might result in production, growth in money and help in employing people. This would help the investors to get healthy dividends for their investment. However this facility would encourage competitive beh avior among capital providers which would result in cost to company being less. It would also help those who are not opting for this funding scheme. However this kind of online funding scheme can never be a primary source of fund raising as it is always entailed with dangers of failure. The negative impact would be that the endeavor would change the course of the funds from being utilized in more beneficial ventures and saving techniques. Hence start ups with better possibilities to contribute economically would fail without even inception (camac.gov.au, 2016). Hence the CSEF will always be a risk on the investors. The investment will be highly volatile and subject to clicking in the Australian market. The onus will be on the offerer to ensure that the money is used judicially and towards correct direction to ensure maximum benefits are derived. However since the concept is new, it is impossible to pre decide the success or failure of the scheme. The government has to give it a fair trial before concluding. According to the New Zealand model of CAMAC the facilitation of CSEF is provided in The Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 and the Financial Markets Conduct (Phase 1) Regulations 2014. They say that the CSEF is implementable. The Kiwi government said that present scheme will provide money to start up small enterprises and allow them to perform more well compared to customary methods of offerings. The CSF conditions are standard conditions provided in any offer document. However in order to receive success since it is an unknown territory for investors, more efforts should be made on behalf of the start-ups. The CSF offers are volatile in nature since they are less tried and are eligible for unpredictable results. The start-ups have to be careful in investing the moneys and have to ensure that in case there is any chance of loss, immediate intimation should be provided to the investors so that they can act immediately (Treasury.gov.au, 2015). If prompt measures are not taken there will be chance for losses and the entire scheme will be subject to disapproval from the Australian government. Reflective Summary While working through this assignment I got to know about the concept of CSEF and what it spoke about. I also got to know about the various deliberation s taken in various countries especially New Zealand whose report according to CAMAC was most necessary for the purpose of analyzing the entire case. While skimming through it was found out that the framework of CSEF was subject to several amendments by Australian legislations and it was done every year. There were set of conditions and models laid down according to the concept and they were endeavored to be implemented properly to ensure success of the concept. The various advantages and disadvantages of the online scheme have been discussed to justify the scheme. References budget.gov.au. (2016).The Parliament of the commonwealth of Australia House of Representatives. [online] Available at: https://www.budget.gov.au/2015-16/content/appropriation_bills/download/Appropriation-Bill-No6-2014-15-EM.pdf [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Camac.gov.au. (2014).Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee - Final Reports - Final Reports Home. [online] Available at: https://www.camac.gov.au/camac/camac.nsf/byheadline/reportsfinal+reports+home.html [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Camac.gov.au. (2015).Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee - Final Reports - Final Reports Home. [online] Available at: https://www.camac.gov.au/camac/camac.nsf/byheadline/reportsfinal+reports+home.html [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. camac.gov.au. (2016).Crowd sourced equity funding. [online] Available at: https://www.camac.gov.au/camac/camac.nsf/byheadline/pdfsubmissions_6/$file/seaview_consulting_csef.pdf [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Ed Husic MP - Federal Labor Member for Chifley. (2016).BILLS: Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Bill 2015. [online] Available at: https://www.edhusic.com/bills_corporations_amendment_crowd_sourced_funding_bill_2015 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. innovation.gov.au. (2016).Making it easier to access to crowd-sourced equity funding | National Innovation and Science Agenda. [online] Available at: https://www.innovation.gov.au/page/access-crowd-sourced-equity-funding [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Symon, H. (2006).Corporations Act 2001. Melbourne: Leo Cussen Institute. Treasury.gov.au. (2015).Crowd-sourced equity funding. [online] Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/ConsultationsandReviews/Consultations/2015/Crowd-sourced-Equity-Funding [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Treasury.gov.au. (2016).Response to the Draft Crowd-Sourced Equity Funding Legislation and Regulations 2015 and Explanatory Material. [online] Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Consultations%20and%20Reviews/Consultations/2015/Crowd-sourced%20Equity%20Funding/Submissions/PDF/LCA.ashx [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016].

Paul Gustave Dore free essay sample

While accompanying his father and older brother in Paris, Gustave discovered the allure of Paris and made known his intention to remain and pursue his career as an artist (Hubbard 5-8). His work is generally considered as Romanticism and he has been labeled one of the greatest illustrators of his time. His lack of formal training created both derision among art critics and a cult following among common people who could relate to his work. He possessed a grasp of what would be popular among the common folks of his time and a flair for the dramatics in his works. It could be said that the Parisian Art world did not side with him because he did not struggle or starve as most artist did and his financial success was a threat to the very core of Art (McWilliam 829-830). His was a time of great discovery, both scientific and artistic, and an industrial revolution the likes of which gave wealth to the very few. We will write a custom essay sample on Paul Gustave Dore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he abandoned caricature work, he did try to redeem himself but, could not break the yoke of commercial production and its promise of wealth (Hubbard 5-8). His inability to sway his critics and peers in his birthplace and formative city (Paris) forced him to ply his wares in England and across the Atlantic to the United States. Gustave Dore became the darling of England and America, and managed to make millions during his half century of life and produced a staggering amount of sketches. At one point of his career as an illustrator, he employed forty blockcutters (WebMuseum 1). Gustave Dore dabbled in both painting and sculpture during his later years and was purported to be a violinist and tenor singer (Hubbard 5-8). The work of Gustave Dore is both loved and spurned during his lifetime but, he certainly maintained a life of wealth his father could not have made and he owed it all to his prodigious pencil. The following works by Gustave Dore, we will examine his favored subjects and themes that showed the suffering of poor people and presented these in surrounding treatment that emphasized those suffering. . Extracted from a book by Blanchard Jerrold and illustrated by Gustave Dore. The book was commissioned as a type of guide through the many streets and venues of London, in essence a Tourist Book (Spartacus. choolnet. co. uk). Instead it became a rendition of the lower class and their plight. A story in the Port Cities: Leisure, health and housing Social conditions in the 19th-century Website cites the following: An artists impression of poverty For those whose imaginations could not be stirred by social commentators like Booth and Mearns, the French artist Gustave Dore (1832-1883) visited Lon don and produced horrific illustrations of life in the port areas that shocked public opinion. Although a commercial success, many of the critics disliked his work. The critics reaction Several critics were angry that Dore had appeared to focus on the poverty that existed on the waterfront, rather than on the finer aspects of life in the metropolis. He was accused by the Art Journal of inventing rather than copying. Completely missing the point, The Westminster Review complained that Dore gives us sketches in which the commonest, the vulgarest external features are set down. (PortCities London. org) Analysis of Formal Elements – One of the most fundamental elements of art is line. [Sayre 82] 1Variety and Quality of Lines Homeless people of London deadened on a bench, third quarter 19th century Figure 1 – Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore’s pencil drawing shows a clear outline of each figure with the use of a heavier line and the details using lighter lines. The implied and contour lines in the garments indicate worn use and filth. The vertical and horizontal rendering on the bench enables the viewer to perceive a seating area made of stone thereby heightening the plight of the homeless and impoverished that is depicted here. The development of each subject is made through the use of foreshortening and perspective. The foreshortening implies a reclining figure surrounded by seated figures. The perception of three dimensions is brought about through the use of reserve, or white background of the paper, on the standing baby and the face of the sleeping girl with a hat. The darker rendering of the other subjects suggest repose while the highlighted baby is awake. The cross hatching and hatching of the garments in uneven manner depicts clothing that is disheveled, worn, and filthy. Couple and Two Children Sleeping on a London Bridge Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Dore in Figure 2 now uses a more expressive line in the treatment of the subjects and dark heavy graduated in weight to specify large folds in the clothing and the edge lip of the bench, shown as details in Figure 3 and 4. A sepia wash is used to introduce as a possible element of a darkening sky dotted with white spots indicating stars. To the upper left of the figures is a depiction of crosses faintly visible implying the mast of tall ships thereby implying a port in the distance? The stone bench is still presented by straight vertical and horizontal lines but as opposed to Figure 1, it now shows details such as cracks that normally propagate in stone material. All the figures are dark and disheveled in appearance. Their clothing is depicted in an unkempt appearance and the scene shows a sense of separation from the upper class society because of the way they are lying on the bench, even though they are presented in a manner of dress inure to the upper class. My first impression was a family waiting for transportation to where I do not know after a night out on the town. Normally figures, during that century, waiting for transportation are sitting upright. Dore does not address in his drawing here the same condition as Figure 1. When I first saw this work, I chose not to look at the title and make some preconceived notion as to what was being depicted. When I noticed the implied ship mast in the background, which setup the next perception as a port, it inherently supported my theory of awaiting transportation. Alas, it was not correct and this may shed some light into Dore’s eventual illustration in Figure 5 of the same scene depicting a more impoverished set of subjects on a bench awaiting the light of day. Included as a reference to the depiction of poor vs. wealthy is Figure 6, one of just a few of the drawings the publisher thought would be prevalent in the book. Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Figure 2 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# London: A Pilgrimage, Asleep Under the Stars Figure 1 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, A Ball at the Mansion House Figure 2 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 2Spatial Strategy A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 3 Use of a frontal recession, street level linear perspective is tantamount to depicting the main figures in this almost monochromatic painting. Dore’s lines are generalized and are meant to capture immediately the scene in its moment. The central figures show a more upright and important stance than the outlying supporting subjects. Their turned bodies show an intense attention to the entrance of these key figures. The key figures wardrobe is straight and the outlying figures show crumpled clothing which may imply poverty. It is not until the illustration in Figure 7 that the sense of desperation among the non-central figures is clearly delineated. It is also in this illustration that the claustrophic effect that Dore is famous for is in full effect. The painting shows a more elevated perspective than the illustration. I have started to question Dore’s intent in the production of these illustrations. Even though his name is clearly on the lower left corner on most prints, the blockcutters name is on the lower right. This clearly implies an employer to employee relationship and does not necessarily imply apprenticeship. The distinct change from study or conceptual drawing to print supports this remark. London: A Pilgrimage, A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 3Light and Color The Charity of the fishmongers: study in a district of London, 4th quarter 19th century Figure 1– Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore produced this work five years after the release of the illustrated book London: A Pilgrimage. His rendering of color does not lend itself well to translating key formal elements. Why he chose to color the gathering of men in red is in contradiction to the clear shaft of white light shining on the fishmonger and children. The gathering of men looks to be outside due to the street pole with what may be gaslights. It is reported that Dore was color blind and was not adept at color shading (Malan 1). If it were not for the title I may have mistook this as a gathering of children at a fish market with their caretaker. Under closer scrutiny it shows the children as lacking shoes and wearing torn soiled clothing. 4Texture and Pattern London: A Pilgrimage, Houndsditch Figure 2 – http://www. f. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, Found in the Street Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Here again his lack of training shows through on the use of light, shading and shadows. His surrounding treatment is far below his work illustrating Dante’s Inferno or the Bible. Looking at Figure 10 gives th e impression that the candle is giving off more light than it is truly capable of producing. There is also an imbalance to the scene because of the light. Artistic license aside, I prefer George de la Tours rendering in Joseph the Carpenter [Sayre 175]. The Figures clearly show the impoverished condition that has befallen the subjects in the picture and shows, as if in a photograph, the dire predicament that requires immediate intervention 5Comparisons The well meaning Dore did have influences during his formative years and it came about through his beginnings as a caricature artist. Artist like Grandville was admired enough by Dore that he went to him for advice on matters concerning his art. Dore studied closely the work of the first comic strip artist Rodolphe Toepher and this may have created a caricature memory strategy that was difficult to overcome (Duncum 97, 98). Lion Devouring a Rabbit Figure 1 – Eugene DelaCroix DelaCroix’s lion bears a more realistic representation of the animal than the one Gustave Dore’s illustrated on the cover drawing (Figure 15) for the book London: A Pilgrimage. Dore’s lion seems to melt into the surrounding environment and the foreshortening of the front paw and rear paw are not in keeping with the rules of perspective. Hercules at the Crossroads Figure 2 – Albrecht Durer (Germany) circa 1498 London: A Pilgrimage, Gustave Dore Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Albrecht Durer’s treatment of the muscular human male may seem to fall within the same realm as Dore’s human male in his cover drawing but, it shows Dore’s lack of formal training in the way the back muscles are rendered. Durer studied human anatomy extensively including bone structure, which I believe Dore did not fully grasp. London: A Pilgrimage, Newgate Exercise Yard Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html There have been questions in the art world as to the influence of Dore on other artist; one in particular is Van Gogh who referred to him as the Artist of the People (Study Light Org). † Van Gogh had produced a picture called â€Å"Prison Yard† and it was presented without reference to being after a major artist and this was not acceptable. The critic clearly states the resemblance of the picture to Dore’s above in Figure 17 and describes it as â€Å"a tolerably literal rendering of an illustration by Gustave Dore. † He does continue to deride Dore with the continuing remark â€Å"It seems as if Van Gogh had discerned, as others have, an occasional article of value in the rubbish-heap of Dore’s production (R. S. 250). This is but one example of Dore’s place in the Art Critics of his time. His development of the illustrations for the book London: A Pilgrimage brought about the issues of the paupers and homeless (Smith 997-1032). Smith projects the impression of France’s workhouses as being equal to the dreadful pictures of London in Gustave Dore’s book. In conclusion Gustave Dore succeeded in presenting to the populace at hand on the issues of poverty through study sketches that were transformed into illustrations. His rendered illustrations clearly showed the large divide between the wealthy and the poor. His handsomely paid commission did not affect what he saw as blight in society. His participation in this particular commissioned work allowed him to perform a service that could not be ignored, and his focus on the plight of the paupers created a controversy that most artists during his time could afford (Grew 204). The many sketches he made for this project is not readily encompassed by this study and many scholars are still building a repertoire of research into a man who turned a commercially paid venture into a social statement, which will provide students and teachers with questions still unanswered.

Democracy Essays - Democracy, E-democracy, Legitimacy, Free Essays

Democracy Essays - Democracy, E-democracy, Legitimacy, Free Essays Democracy Democracy Complete and true democracy is almost impossible to achieve, and has been the primary goal of many nations, beginning from ancient civilizations of Greece and Roman Empire, all the way to the government of the United States today. There are a few essential characteristics which must be present in a political system for it to be even considered democratic. One essential characteristic of a legitimate democracy is that it allows people to freely make choices without government intervention. Another necessary characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. For this equality to occur, all people must be subject to the same laws, have equal civil rights, and be allowed to freely express their ideas. Minority rights are also crucial in a legitimate democracy. No matter how unpopular their views, all people should enjoy the freedoms of speech, press and assembly. Public policy should be made publicly, not secretly, and regularly scheduled elections should be held. All of these elements and government processes are a regular part of the American government. Yet, even with all the above elements present in the governmental operations of our country, numerous aspects of the governmental process undermine its legitimacy, and bring to question if United States government is really a true democracy. Considering the achievement of complete democracy is most likely impossible, the political system of American government is democratic, but its democratic legitimacy is clearly limited in many respects. One of the first notable aspects of the United States government which brings the democratic legitimacy into question is the ever-occurring bias between classes of people that participate in the electoral voting. Class is determined by income and education, and differing levels of these two factors can help explain why class bias occurs. For example, because educated people tend to understand politics more, they are mo re likely to vote. In fact, political studies done at Princeton in 1995 clearly showed that 76 percent of all voters had college degrees. The same studies have been done in the next three years and showed the percentage steadily holding at 76 percent, except in 1997, when it dropped down by two percent (Avirett 11). This four to one ration of college educated voters versus non-college educated voters shows a clear inequality and bias in the American voting system. This also brings about the aspect of income. People with high income and education have more

Human Resource Management suggestions for Losalot Ltd Essay

Human Resource Management suggestions for Losalot Ltd - Essay Example HRM is all about this. Employees are taught to be positive, deliver quality work, have a sense of humor, and work as a team. Employees should be interested in performing as a team and take joy in team results, rather than aim at individual accomplishments. HRM identifies people with qualities associated with conformity, positive attitude, and partnership. Building a team with members with such exemplary qualities mitigates the work of an organization and together, they can build a work force that performs exemplarily in all the organization desires (Corporate Culture, Auxillium West -The HR Manager). Strong HRM practices are characterized by an equally strong internal labor market, consultative decision making and enterprise unionism. Strong employee-management relationship, leading to employee identification with the firm and a high commitment to innovative production practices that enhance the firm's performance is of prime importance in the context of company progress and development. This could change with employees creating trouble through non-cooperation or their laidback attitude towards their work and superior supervisors. In such situations, it is the company that suffers from low production and strikes. Unless the company HR personnel are well versed with legislations, the company will ultimately have to pay heavy compensation to these employees. A good HR is aware of his/her rights and legislations that offer solace to companies against such employee demonstrations. 1.0 Introduction Losalot Ltd is such a company that doesn't employ an HR specialist. All its recruitment and selection are carried out by the company line managers, who without any proper training in HR law, find themselves making mistakes and forced to pay out large sums of money as compensation to job applicants and current employees. Losalot Ltd is left with no choice but to adhere to the demands of the problem-making employees. In order to avoid further annoyance, the company seeks a remedy to bail them out of this perennial problem. HR should be well versed with legislations relating to recruitment, selection, equalizing, employment opportunities and the formation of employments contracts. 2.0 Legislations The Human Rights Act 1998 came into being in October 2000. 18 Articles consisting of rights and freedom came under this statutory. Of these Articles 6/8/9/10/11/and 14 have far reaching implications for HR. One Article addresses the religious sentiments of minority groups at workplace: The reputation of the industry for giving low priority to personnel matters is reflected in an almost universal disregard of the code of racial equality. Discrimination in recruitment, training, motivation, and promotion can have a bearing on life chances. This can also be referred to in 'Religion and Belief, Dec 2003. Can employers monitor their employee's e-mails This can be termed as a violation into the privacy of an individual and can be referred to discrimination of human rights. Are personal relationships at work grounds for dismissal This depends upon the nature of relationship and the context in which, if it does, affects performance. Personal relationships are fine as long as they don't come between duty and quality. However, it is advisable to have personal relationships outside working hours and work premises. Can an employer insist on a dress code or uniform

PR Advertising or Social Media Campaign Dissertation

PR Advertising or Social Media Campaign - Dissertation Example Companies have now begun to realize the sheer scope and outreach of social media and the Internet in general as a highly effective communication platform. Thus using the various social media platforms to launch their social media campaigns has become integral for them since it enables the organizations to leverage their marketing practices in the most cost-effective way possible. The effective use of social media to market the products or services could prove to be highly profitable resulting in the delivery of measurable business results. However, if not executed effectively, it may lead to disastrous results. Starbucks is a case in point. This report â€Å"PR Advertising or Social Media Campaign† aims to discuss the recently launched and highly controversial social media campaign – Race Together, launched by Starbucks. The Starbucks’ â€Å"Race Together† Campaign: Critical Analysis Starbucks, the Seattle based multinational coffee giant launched one of its most ambitious social media campaigns, â€Å"Race Together† in association with USA Today, on March 18, 2015. The key aim of this campaign was to get its customers and the world around them, talking about a highly sensitive issue in American history – Race. The company took out full-page newspaper advertisements and encouraged open discussions about race on open forums (USA Today, 2015).

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen - Essay Example ("Pride and Prejudice." 123HelpMe.com. 27 Feb 2009). Jane Austin received her formal education from her father. Her novels were initially published secretly. She never got a chance to live in south of England and had no connections with the literary community of London. Even though her work received optimistic reviews, she was not a famous novelist during her lifetime. The essay is an attempt to bring out the characters of the novel and to analyse them in the light of humour and satire which make up the novel. The opening lines in the novel, "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Pride and Prejudice, ch.1 (1813), is a statement which is true to this day. This statement brings out the intelligence of Austen as an author. She has asserted that the subject of the novel will be courtship and marriage and she has based the hilarious tone of the novel with a simple subject to work out and to speak sharply of. She has geared up the reader to guess whether it is a husband in search of a wife, or a woman in pursuit of a husband. Austen's authority of delicate prejudice and shrewd wisdom is exposed in Pride and Prejudice; she is able to express such a multifaceted message using a simple, but witty style. (http://www.online-literature.com/austen/prideprejudice/) The theme of the story is fundamentally an assessment of the obstructions which an eligible female encounters when she is on the look out for a prospective husband. Jane Austen reveals her mind through the immortal character of Elizabeth Bennet, who is the central character of the novel. Therefore with a reference to the term personality, there is a belief that Austen more or less resembles Elizabeth Bennet. This novel ends on a happy note. The novel emphasizes the point that pride and prejudice can be overcome. "Hence, nothing in Austin's novel is pointless or distracting from the main theme--pride and prejudice." ("Pride and Prejudice." 123HelpMe.com. 27 Feb 2009). Character analysis: Elizabeth Bennet, the second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet is the most striking character especially with her freely displayed wit and independent thinking and she is never attractive to readers but when she asserts herself against the arrogant Lady Catherine she raises a question of identity in the minds of the readers. She does everything with a pinch of thoughtfulness and simplicity especially when she refuses to reveal her age when it is demanded or even when she argues that younger sisters need not wait until their older sisters are married. (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/pride/canalysis.html) Elizabeth is always in conflict with the noble Mr. Darcy, and both incorrectly perceive each other because of their pride and its ensuing prejudice. The novel is in fact is about the challenges of the heart and at the same it pertains to the ways in which one can be educated. Darcy at first cannot visualize that there is anyone who deserves his attention in the constricted, simple world in which he detects himself. On the other hand Elizabeth is able to look only at his vanity and arrogance and is offended by his superior airs. Elizabeth and Darcy fight through their wits and of the society, till such time when Darcy's marriage proposal surprises Elizabeth. She rejects Darcy's offer and this

Philosophical Definition of Justice: The Role of Accounting

Philosophical Definition of Justice: The Role of Accounting What is Justice? Justice means different things to different people. It is very much a culturally determined concept that requires an innate understanding of a particular person or group of people. For the purpose of this research paper justice is defined as the judgment and process involved with making something that is wrong or bad, right and good. Justice helps us as a society distinguish wrong from right and corrects what is wrong by making it right. But what is right and what is wrong? What is fair and what is just? If something is wrong or unfair, how should society make it right? Such questions have been asked since the beginnings of human interaction. Perhaps under a monarchy justice, for right or wrong, is more easily determined as it is simply what the supreme ruler (or monarch) feels is just or fair. Under a monarchy or aristocratic rule, there is only one ruler and what that individual feels is right, just, or fair, simply is and often cannot be questioned. However, within the realm of more contemporary political systems such as democracy, the ideology of justice, while arguably more fair, can be much more difficult to establish and understand. Democracy, at least in theory, grants the power to the people and therefore places the burden of justice or defining what is fair or equal upon the masses. Since different people have different belief systems they are often in disagreement on what is right or what is fair and have differences of opinion when it comes to justice. Without the aristocracy, justice becomes a very argumentative and ambiguous concept. Philosophy, the Various Schools of Thought, and their Influence on the Ideology of Justice Disagreements over what is fair (or just) have been around since the beginning of time, almost certainly since the very first of human interactions. At first glance we probably think we have a fairly uniform understanding of what justice might or should be. For example if someone commits premeditated first degree murder, most would probably agree the individual should be jailed and, depending on your belief system, either face a life sentence in jail or the death penalty. If someone embezzles money from their company, most would insist the individual should be forced to make restitution and face additional criminal or civil penalty. But even in the seemingly straightforward examples above, and within the realm of a relatively homogenous audience (those reading this paper), one can already start to see how complicated the ideology of justice can be. For example, some have very strong feelings about the death penalty and insist that no crime, even murder, would justify ending another persons life. Additionally, some feel that crimes such as embezzlement are a form of victimless crime and would never warrant a punishment as severe as jail time since no one individual had been harmed. (Hanlin 2004, pp. 527) Within the relatively straightforward scenarios above, one can already begin to imagine the diversity of opinions as to what is just and fair. Should the murder be murdered? Should the embezzler be jailed? What if he only stole the money to pay for chemotherapy for his dying wife? Luckily, numerous philosophers and historians have provided us with rich literature that helps us decipher the complex ideology of justice. In fact, it is only after studying and critically evaluating several of these philosophers, their different schools of ethical and moral thought, and the way they define justice that one can start to understand the differences in perceptions of justice around the world. The next sections provide brief introductions into several of the various schools of ethical and moral thought and provide some insight into the individual philosophers that have undoubtedly helped to shape ours and others understanding of justice. It is only after considering the various schools of thought that we can start to understand the differences in the perception of justice that exist around the world. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was a utilitarian and insisted that justice is doing what will produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. (Justice a Reader pg. 9) The utilitarian school of thought considers the principle of utility as the basis of moral law. Bentham defines utility as whatever promotes pleasure or prevents pain. (Justice A Reader pg. 9) The major criticism / objection to Benthams utilitarian principals come from the perspective that maximum utility, or collective happiness, may come at the expense of violating individual rights. (Justice A Reader pg. 9) In order to refute some of the criticisms of Benthams utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) argued that the idea of justice rests ultimately on utilitarian considerations but also requires a respect for individual rights. (Justice A Reader pg. 9) But even with Mills approach to justice, it becomes extremely difficult to choose and/or decipher between individual rights and the majority or maximum utility. This often leaves us with questions of where to draw the line between the greatest good for the majority and the protection of individual rights. Libertarianism Milton Friedman and other libertarian thinkers were advocates of free markets and critics of government regulation. (Justice A Reader pg. 49) Underlying their (libertarians) laissez-faire stance is the idea that each of us has a fundamental right to liberty – a right to do whatever we want with the things we own, provided we do not violate other peoples rights to do the same. (Justice A Reader pg. 49) Contrary to utilitarian thought, libertarians would never sacrifice individual rights for maximum utility or the benefit of the majority. According to the Libertarians, only a minimal government is necessary. In essence the government should only be put in place such that it enforces contracts, protects private property, and keeps the peace. (Justice A Reader pg. 49) Justice would ensure that we own ourselves and the fruits of our labor, and therefore, as the proprietors of our own person, each of us has the right to decide what to do with our bodies and our labor, with the money we earn, and the goods we possess. (Justice A Reader pg. 49) Justice would be the protection of those rights as well as the individual rights of others. The biggest challenges to libertarian policy usually come in the form of paternalist and/or redistributive laws. Paternalist and redistributive laws typically are enacted such that a society can tax the rich to help the poor. While utilitarian principles strongly favor such laws, Libertarians typically argue that such laws are a form of coerced charity that makes every person the property (perhaps even the slave) of the majority. (Justice A Reader pg. 49) Pure Libertarianism teaches that welfare is a violation of individual rights. Liberationists believe that while the poor should have every right to better themselves, that right should not come at the expense of anyones individual right to what they own or produce. Egalitarian A third school of thought that attempts to define the role of justice in society is egalitarianism. John Rawls (1921-2002) was often described as an egalitarian liberal (Justice A Reader pg. 263) and defined justice as fairness. Rawls believed that justice is a social contract in which people come together to choose the basic principles that will govern their society and proposed that the way to think about justice is to ask what principles would be chosen by people who came together behind a veil of ignorance that temporarily deprived them of any knowledge about where they would wind up in society. (Justice A Reader pg. 203) Accordingly, Rawls moral reasoning requires us to be abstract from the particular circumstances in which we find ourselves (Justice A Reader pg. 203), and justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. (Justice A Reader pg. 203) Rawls rejected utilitarianism and believed that certain individual rights are so fundamental that utilitarian considerations should not override them. (Justice A Reader pg. 203) However, contrary to Freidman and the libertarians, Rawls did not believe that the results of a free market are necessarily fair and was not opposed to the taxation of the privileged to help the poor. In Rawls opinion it would be acceptable, under certain circumstances, to take from the privileged as long as it were helping the underprivileged. Accounting and Justice Regardless of how you define justice or what school of thought you most closely relate to, it is clear the accountant plays a significant role in the establishment and preservation of justice for society. Accounting is the language of business (Bloomfield, 2008) and without it justice cannot exist. Since the beginnings of specialization, when humans stopped being self sufficient and started specializing, bartering, and trading, accounting has become a critical part of human interaction. In todays society accountants serve in many roles critical to the defense and preservation of justice. For example, in the U.S., IRS accountants ensure that citizens pay the appropriate amount of tax, forensic accountants provide investigative services for criminal and civil proceedings, and many of the FBIs anti-terrorist agents use their accounting backgrounds to trace terrorist funding. History of the Spanish Empire One only has to look back a few hundred years to see a perfect example of how the role of an accountant can protect and help preserve, or fail to protect and preserve, an entire civilization. In his book For Good and Evil – The Impact of Taxes on the Course of Civilization, Charles Adams describes how tax fraud lead to the demise of one of the largest and most wealthy empires found in modern times – Imperial Spain. Around the time Christopher Columbus discovered the new world (the 14th and 15th centuries), the Spanish Empire was the strongest empire in the world which has never been equaled in terms of size or money. (Hanlin 2004, pp. 529) It controlled significant portions of Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania (Australia and the Pacific Islands), and at its peak Spains conquered overseas empire was the largest the world has ever known. (Hanlin 2004, pp. 529) However, in the 17th century the vast empire started to disintegrate. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it was not the English fleet defeating the Spanish Armada that brought down the Empire, rather it was tax evasion and revolt by the masses against the patronage system that ultimately lead to the bankruptcy of the empire. After several revolts from within the empire, and long civil war, the Spanish Empire was forced to increase taxes to pay soldiers to put down the various rebellions. As a result, many of the people in the colonies engineered what was probably the best system of fraud and evasion that history has ever known. (Hanlin 2004, pp. 530) When the Spanish authorities tried to tax goods that passed through the major ports, the Spanish businessmen created complicated schemes to have silver and gold shipped to alternate ports away from the customs officials, even laundering it through foreign countries. (Hanlin 2004, pp. 530) In order to avoid the Royal Fifth – a 20% cu stoms tax and a 35% convoy tax on good from the colonies, the Spanish businessmen transformed commerce into one massive smuggling operation by avoiding the authorities and therefore the taxes. (Hanlin 2004, pp. 530) The Empire tried to stop the smuggling and division of money and goods away from the taxing authorities but simply did not have the means to control and stop the smuggling and tax evasion. As a result, the overseas empire could not defend itself and stealing the colonies of Spain became an international sport as most of the colonies were lost to the British, Dutch, and eventually the United States. Contemporary Accounting and Justice Given its role as the language of business, accountings integral role in society continues to grow as global economies grow and become increasingly interconnected. World GDP has grown from $1.34 trillion in 1960 to $60.6 trillion in 2008. (The World Bank, 2009). The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that in the U.S. 7% of total GPD is lost to fraud and injustice. (ACFE, 2008) When applied to a global GPD of $60.6 trillion loses resulting from fraud and injustices are estimated to have been $994 billion in 2008. $994 billion is a staggering number but in fact may be understated as many developing countries face an even higher percentage of fraud due to the lack of infrastructure and the ability to combat fraud. According the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), the U.S. ranks 19th (with 1st indicating the least amount of corruption) out of 182 countries surveyed for the amount of perceived corruption within a particular country indicating that, on a global scale, losses probably well exceed the trillion dollar mark annually. So who is best equipped to protect and defend the innocent from the injustices of fraud? The answer is simple, the accountants around the world. Accountants understand the language of business better than anyone and therefore are best suited to be the defenders of justice and fight the injustices that exist across the globe. Just or unjust, they may have even been able to preserve the Spanish Empire. Distributive Justice Another manner in which accountants play an integral role in society is through distributive justice. Utilitarian principles have led to many governments and societal systems that incorporate and rely upon paternalist or redistributive laws. For example, the U.S. and many other countries tax their wealthy citizens and use the funds to run social support programs for the poor such as welfare, unemployment, section 8 housing, etc. Such programs are a form of distributed justice. Robert Nozick describes distributive justice as follows: In contemporary political theory, distributive justice is primarily about the allocation of income, wealth, and opportunity. (Justice A Reader pg. 263) If distributive justice does represent the allocation of income and wealth, than who other than that accountant, who understands the language of business and taxation, would be best equipped to establish and preserve distributed justice? Another example of distributive justice and the role that an accountant plays is the concept of price gauging. Michael Sandel uses a great example in his teachings at Harvard when discussing the events that often transpire in the aftermath of a hurricane. Often, in the days following a major hurricane, for example Hurricane Charley in 2004 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, local retailers charge prices for common goods such as bags of ice and gas powered generators in excess of 1000% of their normal price. (Justice, 2009) Should such practices be considered simply the effects of supply and demand or is it injustice on the part of the retailer in the form of price gauging? Regardless of your opinion on price gauging laws, it is evident the accountant is best equipped to understand and determine whether or not price gauging exists and how to best allocate monies. Who other than the accountant would understand all the transactions taking place between retailers and consumers? In both cases above, the enforcement of paternalistic laws and analysis of price gauging activities, accountants are the ones that ensure monies are appropriately being collected and allocated, thereby defending justice as a society sees fit. Justice and the Role of the Accountant Globally Increasingly, corporations and businesses are taking on the global environment. This requires that accountants and auditors be able to identify the different risks associated with international interconnectedness and be able counteract these risks with the necessary precautions. The global environment adds additional complications for the role of the accountant and actually increases the responsibilities as the defender of justice. In a global spectrum, there are many different laws and regulations and thus, the role of the accountant changes depending on the environment in which the rules are generated. Culture is a huge influence on accounting regulation. Additionally, culture is intertwined within the market and political forces that help to shape the resulting accounting system. The different interaction of these forces in an environment helps to determine the place of the accountant in the economic system, which has a direct effect on the accountants role as the defender of just ice. Justice can only prevail in a society that embraces it. Perceived levels of corruption can be indicative of the state of the economy of a particular country which can help to define or determine the role of the accountant. If there are very few cases of fraud, but high levels of corruption perception it can be an indication that the appropriate level of justice is not being achieved. If enforcement of laws and regulation is inconsistent then a tougher approach may be needed to combat corruption. Transparency International states that in order to minimize corruption there needs to be strong oversight by governments, law enforcement, media, and the society. If a country is lacking oversight, corruption can continue to get worse. As a result, the role of the accountant in these environments would be limited since rules, laws, and regulations are not embraced and enforced. Regulation is only part of the battle. Change will only be effective if it comes from a commitment that is made by businesses and governments of all sizes. Stronger institutional oversight is needed across the world. There needs to be strict legal frameworks and more alert regulation by enforcement agencies in addition to accountants and auditors that ensure lower levels of corruption. As noted in an article issues by Transparency International, persistently high corruption in low-income countries amounts to an ongoing humanitarian disaster. According to the CPI index, China has improved over last year showing that their efforts to reduce corruption by enacting reforms, the implementation of forceful investigation, and intense sentencing have created less perceptions of corruption than before, but still remains a very serious problem. Norways score indicates that as a result of some serious scandals that have emerged over the last few years there is a significant problem in the private and public sectors. However, a growing number of cases being investigated and prosecuted demonstrates that they are at least trying to make headway. Italy is declining in the corruption index because of severe fraud and corruption that exist in the public health system and because of the recent arrests of politicians and public officials in the Abruzzo region. France also has also seen several cases of public officials that were connected to corrupt activities surface recently. Somalia, having the lowest CPI score highlights that there is a link between economic and political collapse. Additionally, Iraqs score of 1.3 shows the importance of establishing solid and functioning institutions capable of preventing corruption and implementing the rule of law. In all cases, the examples provide insight and indicate a need for regulation and an increased role for accountants because justice is not being found. Accounting Regulation Globally Accounting rules can indicate a lot about a country. Accounting rules are created in such a way that they fit the environment that they exist in, which varies across countries and cultures. If society wishes to protect the investor, the accounting system will have disclosure rules that enable investors to gain information and protect themselves. While some countries are developing regulations that contain investor protection improvements, in many cases much more work needs to be done. The manner in which markets function and the way politics are conducted greatly affect accounting systems and often lead to drastic differences across countries. The role of the accountant and, furthermore, the way that justice is enforced will also vary greatly amongst countries. Common law countries differ from codified law countries because common law countries have an independent body to interpret the law. Accounting rules in common law countries are determined by the private sector and require lengthy disclosure since there are no close relationships with corporations. However, code law countries require that corporations be heavily involved the government. The government often includes banks, labor unions, and major suppliers in rule-making decisions. As a result, transactions in these countries tend to be focused more on private information. There are institutional differences between all countries. Institutional differences enable economic and accounting systems to differ, thus the role of the accountant and the justice that results will differ amongst these countries. Accounting regulation in Germany allows more discretion on the accountant because it is written in more general terms. However, in France the regulation is more rigid, enables less discretion, and thus provides less wiggle room on the part of corporations. In Switzerland there are very few disclosure requirements, which can facilitate the reporting of smooth earnings through the usage of hidden reserves. Further, some accounting systems are difficult to compare because they do not fit within any particular mold. For example, the accounting system in Finland was created specifically for use by the foresting industry. By looking at international comparisons of accounting systems, it is evident there is no single way of performing accounting. As a result, the accounting rules are different and change to become an integral part of the markets and politics of each country and culture. Market demand affects the financial statements because the corporations must pay to prepare them. The political environment is important because the government has the ability to control regulators and possibly interfere with regulation. In order to perform and understand the different accounting processes, accountants must be aware of the different forces that exist in a particular country. By being aware of the different forces, accountants will be able to more aptly ensure that justice prevails in the country they operate. As evidenced above, accounting regulations vary across countries, time, and cultures which causes significant variations in the role of the accountant. While countries have been extending efforts to strengthen accounting rules and oversight, this alone cannot and will not prevent future fraud. (Leuz, 2002). But there are many benefits to implement strong laws and enforcement in order to protect shareholders rights. U.S. firms are not the only ones experiencing problems, as many firms globally are suffering from accounting irregularities. Some countries experience self-dealings and misappropriations of profits because of weaker legal measures. Weak legal measures create a greater incentive to manipulate the financial statements to conceal poor business performance. Manipulation is less apparent in places where outside investors have legal rights to vote out corrupt managers. However, manipulation is predominant in places like Austria, Italy, Germany, Southeast Asia, South Korea and Ta iwan, because they do not have investor protection. East Asian Perspective The East Asian countries, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand can help accountants see the way that accounting standards interact with the incentives of managers and auditors. (Ball, Ashok, et al, Incentives versus standards) The accounting standards in these countries come from a common law environment. Common law countries generally create high quality financial reporting. However, in these countries the preparers incentives generate low quality financial statements. The preparer incentives again, depend on the market and political forces and how these forces interact with one another. Market forces are dependent on the demand for high-quality financial reporting. The political forces depend on the government involvement in the creation and enforcement of the regulation. The interaction of these forces with the accounting system can drastically change the role of the accountant in these countries. The standards themselves are viewed as high-quality, but the institutional s tructure creates incentives for preparers incentives to issue low-quality financial reports. Financial reporting in East Asia generally exists with an incentive structure that is similar to a code-law model. However, the East Asian countries do not follow that model. Their governments have code-law reporting incentive features, but also have indications that the environment reduces the financial reporting quality. The large amount of family-owned businesses and enterprises is a cause for the low need of quality financial statements. One family generally owns investments that are inter-related. These networks are commonly referred to guanxi networks. These networks attempt to take away the demand of required disclosures and timely loss recognition and it also reduces the communication required with stakeholders. The extent of government involvement in the standard setting and the financial reporting practice differs across these countries. Political factors can create an incentive to hide large profits and losses. The political environments in these East Asian countries have a tendency to want companies to succeed, so they recommend companies hide losses. They also are afraid of other countries becoming involved in their practices because they do not want to be held accountable for any misstatements. The companies are also expected to report smooth earnings, which reinforces the desire to report, cover, and hide losses. Litigation is minimal in these countries since there is a large incentive to hide earnings, which the government reinforces. There have been very few cases of judicial actions in these countries. Audit quality in these countries is poor primarily due to lack of auditor independence. The influence and independence of the accounting profession is an indicator of ineffective enf orcement of accounting standards. Considering the financial incentives for managers and auditors there is a greater incentive for reduced timeliness and conservatism in accounting earnings. Fraud is continuing to go undetected in Hong Kong. Although there is a 22% incidence of fraud, much more is expected to be going on given the different forces that are currently having an effect on the country. As a result, currently more scrutiny is being given to the monitoring of financial transactions and corporations are beginning to make it a priority. There are currently programs that are offered for certification in forensic accounting, which is having an impact on fraud detection. Most of the fraud cases that exist in Hong Kong are internet banking fraud, computer fraud, misuse of corporations credit card, and electronic funds transfer fund. There is a need for more forensic accountants in Singapore in order to ensure sufficient justice as many significant fraud cases are going undetected. Two important fraud cases involved Fibrechem Technologies and Oriental Century. In the Fibrechem Technologies audit, Ernst Young Singapore were not certain of the cash and trade debtor balance. KPMG had the same problem with Oriental Century. Another notable case is one in which a Singapore monk, who was in charge of Singapores well-known charities, received 10 months in prison for committing fraud. In Malaysia, the role of accounting in the fight for justice is very small. Crimes are beginning to become more and more complicated and controlled but forensic accounting is viewed as a service that only larger companies can afford. This makes catching fraud more difficult. Cases that are investigated are generally handled by the Bukit Aman Commercial Crime Division. This group was able to catch a large fraud that involved the CEO and two others of Transmile Group Bhd for publishing misleading financial statements and has often been called Malaysias Enron. Fraud and forensic accounting is a relatively new topic in Thailand. According to an Ernst Youngs global survey, more than half of the companies in Thailand have suffered significant fraud. The management of the corporations was responsible for over half while employees ranked second, responsible for 45% of the fraud incidents reported. Asset misappropriation was the biggest concern. (MPA Program: Forensic accounting project) The commercial crimes in Thailand are becoming more and more complicated and organized. Forensic accounting is used to combat this to an extent, but is only utilized in the public sector. It is also noted in Thailand that there remains an enormous amount of well documented corruption related to the government amounting to billions of US dollars. There are many cases where Thailands auditor general, Jaruvan Maintaka, was able to bring about cases against members of the government but there are even more cases linked to the military involving loans from politicia ns. Chinese Perspective This accounting profession is still at the early stage of development in China, and a lack of skilled professionals creates problems for regulators. To a large extent the accounting standards and practices in China lack conservatism Doupnik and Perera note in their International Accounting textbook. There are also no sound interpretations of the relevant requirements that need to be implemented to have an effective accounting system. The theory of true and fair presentation and transparency may not be clearly understood by Chinese accountants. Until the 1980s, those who carried out accounting work were not held in high regard which had a very negative effect on the development of the accounting profession in China. Unlike in other countries, accounting and auditing have taken different paths in their development as rival disciplines with the support of different government agencies. However, there has been some growth in the accounting profession due to the recent economic reform pro gram and the demand for financial information from investors has increased. There are many fraud cases evident in China. One high-profile case that deserves mentioning was with Zhu Xiaohua who was the chairman of state-owned company, Everbright Group. Zhu was convicted to 15 years in prison for taking $500,000 in bribes. These bribes were taken between 1997 and 1999. The bribes were for the purchase of shares in a company that resulted in large losses. Another example of fraud in China was when a business woman, Du Yimin, was sentenced to death for running a Ponzi scheme that cheated investors out of YUAN700m ($102 million). (Lin, 2009) According to Lin, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security has been stepping up such prosecutions and says there are now 1,416 similar cases open, involving YUAN10bn ($1.5 billion) in investors money. In China it is still possible to receive the death penalty for fund-raising fraud, however, if a Chinese person is charged with collecting money illegally from private investors, the maximum sentence is 10 years in prison. In Chi na is evident that ethics are not being followed across the board. Japanese Perspective Japan also differs from other cultures and has a different role of the accountant and effectively different need for justice. The Japanese attitudes towards external auditors and the audit function are different from others. This is due to the cultural value orientation of not trusting someone from outside the group. Companies are not under pressure from their main providers of finance to disclose information publicly and companies are reluctant to provide information voluntarily. As a result, the a

Free College Essays - Lessons Learned in Moby Dick :: Moby Dick Essays

There is much to be learned from the theme of the novel Moby-Dick.   As in any book, there is a message or a sort of subliminal â€Å"moral of the story† type lesson you can learn from Moby-Dick.   The novel, Moby-Dick, can teach you many things if you can remain focussed long enough.   However, the most prominent lesson that can be learned from the work is not that complicated and rather apparent.   This lesson can be summed up in one sentence; don’t become to focussed and obsessed with one goal to the point that you exclude the more important things in life.   This lesson is represented with Ahab’s peculiar obsession with hunting and killing a whale.   By setting this as his most significant goal in life, he begins to ignore more important things such as the lives of his crewmen, and eventually his own life.   This mistake wound Ahab up dead. Although the novel isn’t trying to say that if you over obsess with a matter or issue in your life that you will die, it’s simply trying to say that if you put minor self-centered goals before what’s most important, you will more than likely regret it.   This lesson is very true, and can be related to real life instances when compared to examples such as government dictatorships or social relationships.   For instance, many dictatorships are lead by one person with overwhelming power over his or her nation.   This, in most cases, ends up with a greedy and uncontrollable leader who leads their country to certain downfall.   Also, on a much more common scale, some relationships can symbolize this lesson.   For example, say one person is very much so attracted to another.

India’s Energy Scenario

Energy in India for the Coming Decades Anil Kakodkar Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, India [email  protected] gov. in The reforms initiated in India since the beginning of the nineties have led to rapid economic progress and better growth rates. In the first decade of this century the growth rates seem to be still better. Studies by several academics and consultants forecast continued high growth rate for the next several decades.I’ll quote two such studies, one by Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman of Goldmann Sachs [1] and the other by Dani Rodrik and Arvind Subramanian of the International Monetary Fund [2]. Wilson and Purushothaman write, â€Å"India has the potential to show the fastest growth over the next 30 to 50 years. Growth rate could be higher than 5 percent over the next 30 years and close to 5 percent as late as 2050 if development proceeds successfully. † Rodrik and Subramanian write, â€Å"†¦.. rowth in capital stock together with growth in factor productivity will yield output growth of 5. 4 percent. Over the next 20 years, the working age population is projected to grow at 1. 9 percent per year.If educational attainment and participation rates remain unchanged, labor growth will contribute another 1. 3 percent, yielding an aggregate growth rate of 6. 7 percent per year, or a per capita growth rate of 5. 3 percent. This is a lower bound estimate and, even so, would be significantly greater than the per capita growth rate of 3. percent achieved in the 1980s and 1990s. Over a 40-year period, a 5. 3 percent growth rate would increase the income of the average person nearly 8-fold. † Growth in economy is made possible by several inputs, the two most important being energy and human resource. In this conference, we are concerned about energy and so I’ll confine myself to energy. Energy is the engine for growth. It multiplies human labour and increases productivity in agriculture, industry as well as in serv ices. To sustain the growth rate in economy, energy supply has to grow in tandem.For a large country like India with its over one billion population and rapid economic growth rate, no single energy resource or technology constitutes a panacea to address all issues related to availability of fuel supplies, environmental impact, particularly, climate change, and health externalities. Therefore, it is necessary that all non-carbon emitting resources become an integral part of an energy mix – as diversified as possible – to ensure energy security to a country like India during the present century.Available sources are low carbon fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy and all these should be subject of increased level of research, development, demonstration and deployment. In the Department of Atomic Energy, we have conducted a study with the aim to quantify the likely growth in energy demand in India, and the role nuclear energy has to play in the decades to come. The ultimate objective was to formulate a strategic plan to meet the projected role to be played by nuclear energy [3].Energy intensity of GDP, defined as the ratio of the energy consumption to the GDP, has been observed to follow a certain trend worldwide. Below a certain level of development, growth results in increase in energy intensity. With further growth in economy, the energy intensity starts declining. Based on data by International Energy Agency [4], overall energy intensity of GDP in India is the same as in OECD countries, when GDP is calculated in terms of the purchasing power parity (PPP). Energy-GDP elasticity, the ratio of the growth rates of the two, remained around 1. from early fifties to mid-seventies. Since then it has been continuously decreasing. Electricity is the most important component of the primary energy. Electricity-GDP elasticity was 3. 0 till the mid-sixties. It has also decreased since then. Reasons for these energy–economy elasticity changes are : demographic shifts from rural to urban areas, structural economic changes towards lighter industry, impressive growth of services, increased use of energy efficient devices, increased efficiency of conversion equipments and inter-fuel substitution with more efficient alternatives.Based on the CMIE data [5], the average value of the Electricity-GDP elasticity during 1991-2000 has been calculated to be 1. 213 and that of the primary energy- GDP elasticity to be 0. 907. Estimating the future GDP growth rates of India from the projections made by Dominic Wilson and Roopa Prushothaman [1], taking the primary energy intensity fall to be 1. 2 percent per year [6], extrapolating the electricity intensity fall from past data till 2022 and subsequently a constant fall of 1. 2 percent year, the growth rates of the primary energy and electrical energy have been estimated as follows. Period |Primary Energy |Electricity | | |Percent Annual Growth |Percent Annual Growth | |2002-2022 |4. 6 |6. 3 | |2022-2032 |4. 5 |4. | |2032-2042 |4. 5 |4. 5 | |2042-2052 |3. 9 |3. 9 | These rates are the basis of the projections reported [3]. It may be recalled that historical primary energy and electricity growth rates during 1981- 2000 were 6 percent per year and 7. 8 percent per year respectively.Based on the growth rates given in the above table, per capita electricity generation would reach about 5300 kWh per year in the year 2052 and total about 8000 TWh. This would correspond to an installed capacity of around 1300 GWe. Annual primary energy consumption would increase from about 13. 5 EJ in 2002-03 to about 117 EJ in 2052-53. By then the cumulative energy expenditure will be about 2400 EJ. The present status of various fuel-resources in India is given in the table 1. The domestic mineable coal (about 38 BT) and the estimated hydrocarbon reserves (about 12 BT) together may provide about 1200 EJ of energy.To meet the projected demand of about 2400 EJ, one has to tap all options includ ing using the known fossil reserves efficiently, looking for increasing fossil resource base, competitive import of energy (including building gas pipe lines whenever and wherever permitted based on geo-political considerations and found feasible from techno-commercial considerations), harnessing full hydro potential for generation of electricity and increasing use of non-fossil resources including nuclear and non-conventional.Before proceeding further, I would like to explain the status of nuclear power technology in India. Comprehensive expertise in all aspects of nuclear fuel cycle and Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) has been acquired through self reliant means in India. PHWRs which constitute the mainstay of the first stage of our nuclear power programme are the most efficient systems in terms of uranium utilization and would enable about 10 GWe of nuclear installed capacity with our modest indigenous uranium resources.Having tied up the PHWR programme upto around half way mark, we have now embarked on the development of Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) based second stage of our programme with the construction of the 500 MWe Fast Breeder Reactor launched in October last year. Our studies indicate that we should be in a position to support around 500 GWe power generation capacity based on plutonium bred from indigenously available uranium. This is a part of the strategy of three stage programme formulated by India right in the beginning of the programme aimed eventually at exploitation of our vast thorium resources.With decades of R;D in our laboratories and Industry, India has come a long way since the inception of the programme and the current efforts are aimed at further improving the economy, enhancing safety and expanding the programme to meet the increasing electricity demand in the country. The 540 MWe PHWR unit at Tarapur that went critical on 6th March, about 8 month ahead of schedule is an important landmark in terms of efforts in this directio n. In addition to the indigenous technology, the Indian power programme includes two GE-BWRs which were set up as turnkey projects right at the inception of our programme.While these reactors are running well as a result of comprehensive backfits and upgrades carried out indigenously, our experience in terms of securing reliable fuel supply has not been satisfactory. Two 1000 MWe VVERs are presently under construction at Kudankulan and would contribute additional carbon free electricity to Indian grids when completed. Coming back to the energy growth scenario [3], the study points out that it is necessary to develop metallic fuel for the fast reactors during the next one decade.Metallic fuels have short doubling time and can ensure a fast enough growth in nuclear installed capacity. Assuming that the fast reactors to be set up after 2020 are based on metallic fuel, the study calculates the maximum possible contribution that can be made by nuclear till the middle of the century. Hydr o and non-conventional potential being limited, the remaining demand has to be met by the fossil fuels. The results indicate that it is possible to have one quarter of the contribution coming from nuclear by the middle of the century, if the fast reactor growth follows the course outlined.Even after the growth projected by the study, there will be shortages and the country will continue to import energy as at present. Research and development plans have to be formulated to ensure that new technologies can be deployed to reduce energy imports. Three efforts being made by the Department of Atomic Energy are worthy of mention here in this context. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is working on development of a Compact High Temperature Reactor with the aim of producing hydrogen, which could be the most important energy carrier in the future.Several institutions within the Department of Atomic Energy in India are together working for the development of Accelerator Driven Systems, so that on e could sustain growth with thorium systems and move towards incineration of long lived radioactive wastes. The Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), is spearheading the Indian effort in developing a fusion based system for the production of energy. One of the world’s first super conducting steady state tokamak with elongated diverter plasma having 1000 second operation capability is nearing completion at IPR.The Indian population corresponds to one sixth of world population. However, the carbon dioxide emission from India is only around 4% of the global emissions. On the basis of current energy mix and the present day technologies for electricity production, the CO2 emission from India alone could become as much as half of the present level of global emission in a few decades from now. A larger share of nuclear power in India beyond what would be realized through indigenous efforts would, in principle, contribute to further avoidance of CO2 emission which otherwise would be i nevitable.To conclude, the first stage of the indigenous nuclear power programme involving setting up of pressurized heavy water reactors is now in industrial domain. With the start of construction of the 500 MWe fast reactor in October last year, the second stage has been launched. It is time for India to accelerate the implementation of the second stage and development of the third stage of the nuclear power programme. In parallel, India has to continue to work towards development of emerging nuclear energy technologies to address its long term energy requirements which are indeed very large.References [1] Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman, â€Å"Dreaming with BRICs: the path to 2050† Global Economics Paper No 99, Goldmann Sachs, 1st October 2003. [2] Dani Rodrik and Arvind Subranium, â€Å"Why India can grow at 7 percent or more: projections and reflections†, IMF Working Paper, WP/04/118, July 2004. [3] R. B. Grover and Subash Chandra, â€Å"A strategy for gro wth of electrical energy in India†, Document No 10, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai, India, August 2004. 4] International Energy Agency (IEA), Key World Energy Statistics, 2003. [5] Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) 2002, â€Å"Energy†, April 2002 [6] International Energy Agency (IEA), ‘World Energy Outlook 2002 Highlights’ p 32. Table 1: Primary energy ; electricity resources |   |Amount |Thermal energy |Electricity | | | | |potential |   |   |EJ |TWh |GWYr |GWe-Yr | |Fossil |   |   |   |   |   | |Coal |38 -BT |667 |185,279 |21,151 |7,614 | |Hydrocarbon |12 -BT |511 |141,946 |16,204 |5,833 | |Non-Fossil |   |   |   |   |   | | Nuclear |   |   |   |   |   | | Uranium-Metal |61,000 -T |   |   |   |   | |In PHWRs |   |28. |7,992 |913 |328 | |In Fast breeders |   |3,699 |1,027,616 |117,308 |42,231 | | Thorium-Metal |2,25,000 -T |   |   |   |   | |In Breeders |   |13,622 |3,783,886 |431,950 |155,502 | | Renewable |   |   |   |   |   | | Hydro |150 -GWe |6. 0 |1,679 |192 |69 | |Non-conventional renewable |100 -GWe |2. 9 |803 |92 |33 | Assumptions for Potential Calculations Fossil 1. Complete Source is used for calculating electricity potential with a thermal efficiency of 0. 36. 2. Calorific Values: Coal: 4,200 kcal/kg, Hydrocarbon: 10,200 kcal/kg. 3.Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas [7]has set strategic goals for the next two decades (2001-2020) of ‘doubling reserve accretion’ to 12 BT (Oil + Oil equivalent gas) and â€Å"improving recovery factor’ to the order of 40%. Considering the fact that exploration is a dynamic process and India is one of the les explored countries, reference [3] assumes that cumulative availability of hydrocarbons up to 2052 will be 12 BT. Non-Fossil Thermal energy is the equivalent fossil energy required to produce electricity with a thermal efficiency of 0. 36. Nuclear 1. PHWR burn-up = 6,700 MWd/T of U-ox ide, thermal efficiency 0. 29 2. It has been assumed that complete fission of 1kg. of fissile material gives 1000 MWd of thermal energy. Fast reactor thermal efficiency is assumed to be 42%. Fast breeders can use 60% of the Uranium. This is an indicative number.Actual value will be determined as one proceeds with the programme and gets some experience. Even if it is half of this value the scenario presented does not change. 3. Breeders can use 60% Thorium with thermal efficiency 42%. At this stage, type of reactors wherein thorium will be used are yet to be decided. The numbers are only indicative. Hydro 1. Name plate capacity is 150 GWe. 2. Estimated hydro- potential of 600 billion kWh and name plate capacity of 150,000 MWe gives a capacity factor of 0. 46. Non-conventional renewable 1. Includes: Wind 45 GWe, Small Hydro 15 GWe, Biomass Power/ Co-generation 19. 5 GWe and Waste to Energy 1. 7 GWe etc. 2. Capacity factor of 0. 33 has been assumed for potential calculations.